Grin v. Shine

Supreme Court of the United States · 1902 · Corporations
187 U.S. 181 (1902)
Updated
CorporationsExtraditionEmbezzlementCriminal procedureRev. Stat. § 5270treaty constructiontechnical defectssworn complaint

Facts

Russia sought Grin's extradition under the extradition treaty with the United States, charging him with embezzlement. A district judge issued an arrest warrant on a sworn complaint, and the warrant was made returnable before Commissioner Heacock, who had been specially authorized to act in extradition matters the same day. The complaint alleged that while employed as a clerk, Grin received money in his capacity as clerk to deliver for his employer and then wrongfully, unlawfully, and feloniously appropriated it. The record also contained authenticated Russian papers, including an order by an examining magistrate directing that Grin be brought before the magistrate.

Issue

Whether alleged technical defects in the extradition proceedings required Grin's discharge on habeas corpus. More specifically, the Court considered objections to the commissioner's authority, the sufficiency of the complaint, the need for a foreign warrant or indictment, the authentication of foreign papers, the authority of the Russian consul to complain, and whether the facts showed embezzlement rather than larceny.

Rule

Extradition treaties must be faithfully observed without sacrificing legal or constitutional rights, but ordinary technicalities of criminal procedure apply only to a limited extent in extradition proceedings. Under Rev. Stat. § 5270, the essential statutory requirements are a complaint under oath, a warrant of arrest, a hearing on evidence of criminality, and certification of sufficient evidence to the Secretary of State; the complaint need only fairly apprise the accused of the crime charged. A foreign equivalent judicial document may satisfy a treaty requirement for a warrant, Congress may waive treaty formalities in its extradition legislation, and a prima facie showing of the charged extraditable offense is sufficient.

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One of 10 multiple-choice questions for this case. Pick an answer to see why.
Peru seeks the extradition of Nolan Perez, who is found in Miami. A sworn complaint charging him with an extraditable fraud offense was made before a general United States commissioner on Monday, and on Tuesday a federal judge issued an arrest warrant returnable before a specially authorized extradition commissioner who had been designated that same day.

Perez files for habeas corpus, arguing the proceedings are void because the complaint was sworn before an officer other than the extradition commissioner who later heard the case. How should the court rule?

Explanation. The majority held that extradition proceedings are not governed by full technical pleading rules. Under § 5270, the essentials are a complaint under oath, a warrant, a hearing on criminality, and certification. The oath need not be taken before the extradition commissioner or the judge who issues the arrest warrant, so long as the complaint is properly sworn.