People v. Likine

Michigan Supreme Court · 2012 · Criminal Law
492 Mich. 367
Updated
crimlawfelony nonsupportstrict liabilityimpossibility defensechild supportMCL 750.165mens reaactus reus

Facts

Each defendant was charged under MCL 750.165 for failing to pay court-ordered child support. Likine was barred by a motion in limine from presenting evidence that her mental illness, disability, unemployment, and limited SSI income made payment impossible; she was convicted by a jury. Parks was convicted after a bench trial in which he complained about imputed income and disability-related limits on his medical practice but did not clearly assert impossibility. Harris pleaded guilty under a sentencing agreement, failed to satisfy the agreed payment conditions, and later argued that his health and indigency prevented payment.

Issue

Whether MCL 750.165, as interpreted in People v Adams to make inability to pay no defense, is constitutional, and specifically whether a defendant charged with felony nonsupport may present a defense based on inability to pay or impossibility. Also, as applied, whether each defendant was entitled to relief on that basis.

Rule

MCL 750.165 creates a strict-liability offense and does not recognize inability to pay, by itself, as a defense to felony nonsupport. But the common-law affirmative defense of impossibility remains available: a defendant must present prima facie evidence that he or she acted in good faith, made all reasonable efforts to comply with the support order, used all reasonably available lawful resources, and still could not comply through no fault of his or her own; if instructed, the defendant must prove impossibility by a preponderance of the evidence for each charged violation.

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Test yourself

One of 10 multiple-choice questions for this case. Pick an answer to see why.
In Columbus, Ohio, a family court ordered Jordan Pike to pay $700 per month in child support. Jordan was personally served with the support action, missed six monthly payments, and at his criminal trial offered only proof that his wages during those months were lower than the amount due.

Which is the strongest statement of the governing rule in Jordan's prosecution for felony nonsupport?

Explanation. The offense is strict liability: the prosecution need not prove intent, knowledge, refusal, or neglect. But inability to pay by itself is not a defense. The available affirmative defense is impossibility, which requires good faith, all reasonable efforts, use of reasonably available lawful resources, and inability to comply through no fault of the defendant's own. Mere proof that earnings were less than the ordered amount is insufficient. (Derived from People v. Likine (n.d.).)